> CCS Overview: What Is CCS?

CCS is a broad term that encompasses a number of technologies that can be used to capture carbon dioxide from point sources, such as power plants and other industrial facilities; compress it; transport it mainly by pipeline to suitable locations; and inject it into deep subsurface geological formations for indefinite isolation from the atmosphere.This technology is a critical option in the portfolio of solutions available to combat climate change, because it allows for significant reductions in CO₂ emissions from fossil-based systems, enabling it to be used it as a bridge to a sustainable energy future.


Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)

WRI’s Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) project works with policymakers and the private sector to develop solutions to the policy, regulatory, investment, environmental and social challenges associated with CCS demonstration and deployment.

Worldwide increases in energy demand coupled with a continued reliance on fossil fuel resources have contributed to a significant increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂). This increase shows no signs of slowing. According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s) World Energy Outlook 2010 main scenario, the projected growth in energy demand will translate into a 21 percent rise in energy related CO₂ emissions between 2008 and 2035, mostly due to robust economic growth in developing countries. This quantity of greenhouse gas emissions would make it next to impossible to meet the 2^oC goal to avoid the worst consequences of global climate change without additional actions to mitigate them.

Scenarios for stabilizing climate-forcing emissions suggest atmospheric CO₂ stabilization can only be accomplished through the development and deployment of a robust portfolio of solutions, including significant increases in energy efficiency and conservation in the industrial, building, and transport sectors; increased reliance on renewable energy and potentially additional nuclear energy sources; and deployment of CCS. Slowing and stopping emissions growth from the energy sector will require transformational changes in the way the world generates and uses energy.

CCS is a broad term that encompasses a number of technologies that can be used to capture CO₂ from point sources, such as power plants and other industrial facilities; compress it; transport it mainly by pipeline to suitable locations; and inject it into deep subsurface geological formations for indefinite isolation from the atmosphere. CCS is a critical option in the portfolio of solutions available to combat climate change, because it allows for significant reductions in CO₂ emissions from fossil-based systems, enabling it to be used as a bridge to a clean and sustainable energy future.

In technology development there is a period referred to as the “valley of death,” where a technology has been proven in the laboratory and on a small scale, but has yet to become commercially viable. CCS technology has progressed quickly from being a concept to a key part in proposed climate change mitigation plans. This progression is partly the result of early successes in pilot capture demonstrations and field validation tests, where small volumes of CO₂ have been injected for research purposes. It is also due in large part to the experience that has been gained injecting CO₂ for enhanced oil recovery over the past three and a half decades. There are skeptics who believe that CCS remains infeasible, with continued interest driven by the lack of any other viable solution that would allow the continued use of coal. To achieve the potential benefits of CCS and prove that safe and permanent storage can be realized, it is important to continue large-scale demonstration and deployment of this technology.

Although the CCS industry is still in its formative stages, there is a growing body of data from demonstrations, analogous regulatory experience, and industrial best practices already available to guide the technology’s development. As the knowledge and understanding of the suite of CCS technologies grow, these emerging best practices will inform regulatory frameworks and industrial procedures as the technology is deployed over time.


CCS: Frequently Asked Questions


Why is Carbon Capture and Storage critical to Addressing Climate Change?

The world’s leading scientists agree that we need to reduce current greenhouse gas emissions by 60-80% in a relatively short amount of time to avoid the more serious impacts of global climate change. To meet the climate challenge, Congress will need to use every option on the table.

A market-based cap and trade system, the expansion of renewable energy capacity, and aggressive energy efficiency and conservation measures are all essential parts of the climate change solution, but in the near term these can only partially supplant our dependence on coal.

Coal currently provides 50% of U.S. electricity, is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel and a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to transition to a low-carbon economy, we must also invest in carbon capture and storage as a bridging technology to reduce today’s carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.

CCS involves the capture of CO₂ from power plants and other large industrial sources, its transportation to suitable locations, and injection into deep underground geological formations for long-term storage. CCS offers a way to greatly reduce carbon emissions from electricity generation as we simultaneously expand renewable energy capacity and increase energy efficiency.

How can CCS help meet U.S. climate and energy goals?

The U.S.’s reliance on coal to meet half of our electricity needs presents a major challenge to dramatically reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. While it is clear that “business as usual” will lock the U.S. into an unsustainable and increasingly risky and costly climate future, coal is cheap and abundant and is expected to constitute a substantial portion of the U.S. electricity mix in the near-term. Indeed, existing coal-fired power plants will operate for decades to come and new coal plants are currently being constructed or planned. Without CCS, these plants will emit billions of tons of CO₂ over their lifetimes.

CCS provides a bridge between our coal-based energy present and a low-carbon energy future. The widespread adoption of CCS technologies will reduce CO₂ emissions significantly and help the U.S. meet near-term energy demand until alternatives can provide sufficient and reliable electricity.


If we are expanding renewable energy, do we need CCS?

Renewable energy will clearly play a critical role in moving us to a low-carbon future. But the challenge of reducing emissions by 60-80% in the coming decades and simultaneously meeting increasing energy demand is daunting.

Despite recent growth in capacity, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar currently account for just 4% of U.S. electricity generation. Therefore, even with a rapid increase in our use of renewables it is unlikely that the U.S. could meet a major portion of electricity demand.

To be sure, it is essential that initiatives that promote renewable energy use and increase energy efficiency are implemented as quickly as possible. However, with the current reliance on coal in the U.S. and developing world, CCS will be a critical technology for meeting our goals of dramatic CO₂ reductions and meeting future energy demands.


Is there enough space to sequester all this carbon?

Large stationary sources in the U.S. emit 2-3 billion tons of CO₂ per year. A recent survey by the Department of Energy estimated that there is on the order of 1 to 4 trillion tons of sequestration capacity in oil and gas reservoirs, coal seams, and saline aquifers. Thus, there is likely space for many decades or more of injection.


Will the carbon really remain deep underground?

The trapping mechanisms in the geological formations being considered for sequestration have stored reservoirs of oil and gas for millions of years. Research and pilot projects have shown that CO₂ is highly likely to remain sequestered in well-selected and managed sites. Several pilot and demonstration projects have been sequestering carbon for over a decade, and monitoring systems have not detected any leakage.


What are the risks?

Most experts believe that properly conducted CCS projects have risks comparable to those of similar industrial activities such as underground natural gas storage and enhanced oil recovery. These risks can be managed, and should be compared with the risks of continuing to emit large amounts of CO₂ into the atmosphere. In order to minimize risks, it will be critical to have adequate regulatory oversight and projects done according to best practices standards. Developing guidelines for siting, monitoring and the long-term care of CCS projects is essential to making these technologies work.


Are CCS technologies ready to be deployed?

We are not yet in a position to widely use CCS technologies. But, we do know what policies need to be in place to make CCS viable:

1. Large-scale demonstration projects that inform economic, technical, and regulatory decision making. While each of the components of these technologies has been demonstrated, there is not yet a power plant that captures and sequesters its emissions. We need commercial-scale demonstration projects to test the range of capture and storage technologies. At these sites, we need careful monitoring to gain a better understanding of what happens to large volumes of CO₂ over long periods of time. This learning-by-doing will decrease costs and make CCS more competitive with other mitigation technologies.

2. An incentive for power plants to use CCS. Currently, there is no cost to emit CO₂ to the atmosphere. We need market incentives and complimentary coal policies to spur private investment in CCS and use of these technologies.

3. A regulatory framework to ensure CCS happens safely. Regulatory frameworks for CCS are beginning to emerge at both the federal and state levels, and are important steps forward. But there are potential gaps or overlaps in these frameworks on issues like property rights and long-term liability.

4. A dialogue with the public to ensure acceptance of these practices. There is little public awareness about CCS; greater public outreach and participatory dialogue on CCS projects is important to build public confidence in these technologies.

Source: World Resources Institute

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